theologians prior to Bauer “overestimated the extent of doctrinal fixity in the early church.”32 However, he argued that Bauer caused the pendulum to swing too far in the opposite direction, charging that followers of Bauer “imply too high a degree of openness or flexibility.”33 Over against Bauer’s diagnosed prevailing diversity in early Christianity, Turner argued for the following three kinds of “fixed elements.”34 First, the core of early Christianity included what Turner called “religious facts”: